PlasticProtocols

Sources

Sources & method

How we grade evidence, and every study this site stands on.

How we grade evidence

Every claim on this site carries one of five labels. Here is exactly what each one means.

  • Strong evidence

    Robust, multi-study or regulatory consensus.

  • Emerging evidence

    A real signal, but contested or not yet conclusive.

  • Weak evidence

    Limited or indirect evidence, or headline numbers overstated.

  • Unproven

    Plausible, but no supporting human evidence.

  • Debunked

    A popular claim that the evidence contradicts.

Our principles

  • We separate plastic particles from plastic-associated chemicals, they have very different evidence.
  • Detection is not harm. Finding particles in the body is not the same as proving they cause disease.
  • We cite primary research and regulators, and we flag popular numbers that don't hold up.
  • This is education, not medical advice.

Full bibliography

Every source cited across the protocols and myths, de-duplicated.

32 sources

  1. 01Antioxidant Intervention Against Microplastic Hazards (review), PMC · 2025review
  2. 02BfR assesses study on tea bags and microplastic particles (029/2025) · 2025gov/org
  3. 03Bioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains (Nihart et al.), Nature Medicine · 2025peer-reviewed
  4. 04Can Therapeutic Plasma Exchange Lower the Circulating Burden of Microplastics? (Weinstein et al.), J. Clinical Apheresis · 2026peer-reviewed
  5. 05Canned Soup Consumption and Urinary Bisphenol A: a randomized crossover trial (Carwile et al.) · 2011human RCT
  6. 06Company verifies first microplastics detox procedure. Results vary. (E&E News) · 2026news
  7. 07Dietary fibers and their role in protecting health (Wang et al.), Food Frontiers · 2024review
  8. 08Do we really have enough plastic in our brains to make a spoon? (C&EN) · 2026news
  9. 09Does fibre really flush microplastics? (foodfacts.org fact-check, rated Misleading) · 2024fact-check
  10. 10Drinking Boiled Tap Water Reduces Human Intake of Nanoplastics and Microplastics (Yu et al.), Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. · 2024particle
  11. 11Effect of Plasma and Blood Donation on Levels of PFAS in Firefighters: a randomized clinical trial (JAMA Network Open) · 2022human RCT
  12. 12EU prohibition on the use of bisphenol A in food contact materials · 2025gov/org
  13. 13Food Packaging and Bisphenol A and Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Exposure: A Dietary Intervention (Rudel et al.), Environ. Health Perspect. · 2011human RCT
  14. 14Human Consumption of Microplastics (Cox et al.), Environ. Sci. Technol. · 2019particle
  15. 15Human elimination of phthalate compounds: blood, urine, and sweat (BUS) study (Genuis et al.) · 2011peer-reviewed
  16. 16IARC Monographs evaluate the carcinogenicity of PFOA and PFOS · 2023gov/org
  17. 17International quantification of microplastics in indoor dust (Catarino et al.) · 2022particle
  18. 18Lifetime Accumulation of Microplastic in Children and Adults (Mohamed Nor et al.), Environ. Sci. Technol. · 2021peer-reviewed
  19. 19Microplastic and PTFE contamination of food from cookware (Cole et al.), Sci. Total Environ. · 2024particle
  20. 20Microplastic Release into the Food from Plastic Containers during Microwave Heating (Hussain et al.), Environ. Sci. Technol. · 2023particle
  21. 21Microplastic Removal Using Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment Devices (Cherian et al.), Polymers · 2023particle
  22. 22Microplastics and probiotics: mechanisms and health consequences (review), PMC · 2025review
  23. 23Microplastics in indoor versus outdoor air and the effect of ventilation rate (Choi et al.), Emerging Contaminants · 2024particle
  24. 24Migration of microplastics from non-stick coatings (Luo et al.), Sci. Total Environ. · 2022particle
  25. 25Plastic containers release microplastics when heated (University of Nebraska-Lincoln) · 2023news
  26. 26Plastic Teabags Release Billions of Microparticles and Nanoparticles into Tea (Hernandez et al.) · 2019peer-reviewed
  27. 27Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy (Qian et al.) · 2024particle
  28. 28Release of nanoplastic particles from polypropylene kettles (Shi, Okoffo, Thomas et al.), npj Emerging Contaminants · 2025particle
  29. 29Some bottled water worse than tap for microplastics, study shows (Ohio State) · 2024particle
  30. 30Toxic chemicals from microplastics can be absorbed through skin (University of Birmingham) · 2024news
  31. 31Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses on Plastic-Associated Chemicals and Health (Symeonides et al.), Annals of Global Health · 2024review
  32. 32You do not eat a credit card of plastic a week (Full Fact) · 2024fact-check